A. Using face-to-face, semi-structured questionnaires, an ethnobotanical survey was collected among 53 participants using purposive sampling in the City of Tshwane African baobab, baobab, dead rat tree, monkey bread tree, upside-down tree, cream of tartar tree, pain de singe, calabaceira edible parts The African baobab’s leaves can be used either fresh, as a cooked vegetable, or dried and powdered as a functional ingredient (thickener) of soups and sauces. Particularly, the rich nutritional composition of indigenous fruits revealed a potential contribution to human diet. When growing your own you will know exactly what you’re eating! They can be divided into two groups: pome fruit trees and stone fruit trees. In South Africa, there are numerous indigenous food crops, such as cereals, green vegetables, and various kinds of wild fruit. Yet the germplasm base is currently being eroded as forests all over Consider selecting trees that work well in your climatic region. South African indigenous fruits including marula (Sclerocarya birrea) and monkey apple (Strychnos spinosa) are harvested in the wild and sold along See full list on link. It also sells threatened and rare plant species. The tree tolerates dry conditions, high temperatures and acts as a food source for people that live in drier conditions were exotic fruit trees can hardly survive. A large proportion of South Africa's biodiversity is supported by indigenous forests (Mucina and Rutherford, 2006). This African fruit is native to West Africa and is particularly prolific in Nigeria, the Republic of Benin, Togo, and Ghana. Sebinasi Dzikiti . Moreover, the dried version transforms into a powder, making smoothies and flavoring dishes. Conservation and domestication of IFTs involve germplasm selection regional guide to indigenous gardening in South Africa, by Ernst van Jaarsveld and the experience of Kirstenbosch horticulturists. (Citation 1) Up to 75 Strychnos species have been recognized in Africa, of which 20 species produce edible fruits in Central and Southern tropical Africa, drought prone areas and semi-arid regions, (Citation 2) where the tree remains dormant when water is unavailable. Apr 5, 2018 · Bushveld and savanna regions. In the study area, it is known as “Borula” and is popular during the summer season. 4 days ago · Baobab, a fruit from the baobab tree, is native to Africa. The banana is well distributed throughout tropical Africa, but it is intensively cultivated as an irrigated enterprise in Somalia, Uganda, Tanzania, Angola, and Madagascar. Prioritization of indigenous fruit tree species with domestication and commercialization potential in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Noluthando Nonjabulo Nkosi . , 2013, Van Wyk, 2011). This chapter provides a critical appraisal of the nutritional composition, phytochemical content and health-promoting attributes of Strychnos spinosa. SOME OF OUR FAVOURITE SOUTH AFRICAN INDIGENOUS VARIETIES: The Kei Apple May 18, 2020 · Abstract. 1016/J. Baobab can be savored fresh. Wholesale Nursery. The selection of the indigenous fruit trees was based on scarcity of existing literature focusing on these underutilized fruit trees in several regions of Africa despite their enormous poten- Nov 26, 2020 · Seedling care and planting out Newly germinated seedlings are drought sensitive and must be watered regularly (2-3 time weekly). Leaves browsed by Klipspringer and Grysbok. Production management, together with the selectionof Oct 13, 2020 · Trees of marula are valued in Africa for their fruit, commercial, cultural and ethnomedicinal contribution from almost every part of the tree ( Ojewole, Mawoza, Chiwororo, & Owira, 2010 ) and commonly May 1, 2004 · Azanza garkeana (morojwa) is a valuable edible indigenous fruit tree species confined to east and southern Africa. Here are some facts for the Red Milkwood Fruit: Mimusops zeyheri is a medium-sized (up to 15m) evergreen tree belonging to the family Sapotaceae and widely distributed in rocky places from the east coast of southern Africa, inland and northwards to tropical Africa. The same precaution should be taken with older seedlings and saplings as these are easily killed by prolonged drought. This fruit is also known as Maroela, Cider tree, Morula, Cat thorn, and many other names. In Ethiopia, edible fruit trees such as Carissa edulis and Ximenia americana are often consumed as a supplementary diet . These trees offer more than just shade and privacy; they bring the beauty of the region's native flora to your doorstep while supporting biodiversity and contributing to sustainable gardening practices. Relevant research articles were mined from online databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, SciELO and SpringerLink. The tree itself is native to the eastern side of the US, from Texas to the Atlantic and all the way up to Connecticut. 04. Indigenous South African Fruit Mobola plum (Parinari curatellifolia) is also known as the hissing tree, grysappel or bosappel, Mmola, Mbulwa, Mobola, Muvhula and Umkhuna. 4g) and Int J Dev Res 6(8):8978–8984 Jusu A, Cuni-Sanchez A (2017) Priority indigenous fruit trees in the African rainforest zone: insights from Sierra Leone. The grapefruit-sized monkey orange fruit has a sweet aroma with a sweet and sour taste and weighs over 0,45 kg. On the continent of Africa, many rural communities continue to gather, grow, and consume these food crops. Table 3: Major indigenous fruits used during hunger periods in East Africa - "Potentials and Utilization of Indigenous Fruit Trees for Food and Nutrition Security in East Africa" Oct 1, 2018 · This study aimed to analyse the determinants of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables (ILVs) and their contribution to the household income of rural households in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Found across various regions of South Africa, these trees are cherished for their sweet and tangy fruit, which is used to produce jams, juices, and alcoholic beverages like Amarula liqueur. 726. , 2004). in the Tropical African sub-regions (of West Africa, Central Africa, East Africa, Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean Islands) in relation to the introduced naturalised fruit trees from tropical Jun 2, 2019 · But many non-native pathogens are recently found affecting important indigenous trees. South Africa is home to six species of palm trees that are indigenous to the region. , 1996). 2 Second phase of the study Mmupudu (Mimusops zeyheri) was top - ranked as the most important indigenous fruit tree. Uapaca kirkiana is an indigenous fruit tree that grows in hot and dry areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Unlike the tropical fruit trees of American and Asian origin, indigenous fruit trees (IFT) of tropical Africa have scarcely achieved the status of international recognition in commodity markets and research arena outside Africa. Unlike in South Africa, the corky monkey orange is highly prioritised for domestication and cultivation in Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe. low-lying areas in KZN, Mpumalanga, Limpopo, North West, Gauteng and Northern Cape (Kalahari). We argue that exploring the potential of these indigenous fruit trees in a holistic manner is a good starting point. Botanically called Chrysophyllum albidum, the White star apple is a fruit commonly found throughout tropical Africa. ac. It is recognized for its large size and tangy, citrusy flavor. Introduction. C. 2008a; Jamnadass et al. The African baobab is also a nutrition powerhouse, high in vitamin C, antioxidants, and minerals. 008 Corpus ID: 84368353; Fruit nutritional composition and non-nutritive traits of indigenous South African tree species @article{Wilson2012FruitNC, title={Fruit nutritional composition and non-nutritive traits of indigenous South African tree species}, author={Amy-Leigh Wilson and Colleen Thelma Downs}, journal={South African Journal of Botany}, year={2012}, volume Apr 5, 2018 · Western Cape: Cape Flats, West Coast and Coastal Regions. Theodorus Hendrik Cornelis Mostert . Jan 29, 2009 · Indigenous fruit trees (IFTs) contribute to the livelihoods of rural households as sources of food, income and medicine. These include the Wild Date Palm (Phoenix reclinata), Makalani Palm (Hyphaene petersiana), Lala Palm (H. 2011. ©Alice Notten. Also widely cultivated is the pineapple, which Types of Palm Trees Found in South Africa. It can ploring 10 indigenous fruit trees regarded as underutilized for their potential contribution to food and nutrition security. The sweet, elongated, white fruit are held in dense bunches and are equally wonderful when dried. Indigenous and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, Groundcovers, Climbers and Palms for sale. Jan 8, 2015 · Tropical fruit trees constitute important biological resources in the global agrobiodiversity context. Category: Biodiversity listsAuthors: SANBIPublished 2011 by SANBI© SANBI Jan 8, 2015 · Tropical fruit trees constitute important biological resources in the global agrobiodiversity context. Monkey orange (Strychnos spp. The tree is popular with fruit-eating birds. Genet Resour Crop Evol 64:745–760 Kucich DA, Wicht MM (2016) South African indigenous fruits—underutilized resource for boosting daily antioxidant intake among local indigent populations. caffra stands for chloroplast DNA. springer. We cultivate and have for sale about 180 species of indigenous trees, including some scarcer ones. 5–6. Dec 15, 2019 · Tropical fruit trees establish critical organic assets in the worldwide agrobiodiversity setting. , 2000, Low and Rebello, 1996). Because of its multiple use the species is selected and retained by farmers in Treeshop is a boutique indigenous tree nursery located near Pretoria. Here, we review information on 10 indigenous fruit trees that are considered to be underutilized and explore their occurrence, distribution, nutritional components, phytochemicals, and medicinal potentials, as well as their associated challenges and prospects. This paper presented a critical review of the status of IFT in The Highveld is an extensive high-lying grassland, covering much of Southern Africa. The diverse range of indigenous fruit trees in Africa is a source of untapped potential for food and nutrition security. , 2006, Cooper, 1985, Eeley et al. , 2008, Brigham et al. Nontuthuko Rosemary Ntuli Received: 5 September 2019/Accepted: 1 April 2020/Published online: 16 April 2020 The Author(s) 2020 An excellent table grape - one of the most popular eating grapes in South Africa. Although the majority of rural communities in SSA depend on agriculture for their livelihood (Shackleton, Shackleton & Cousins, 2001), natural resources, especially fruits from indigenous trees are used to supplement their income (Akinnifesi et al. The large shady evergreen Red Milkwood tree is indigenous to the northern parts of South Africa and grows in woodland areas on rocky hillsides, in kloofs and riverine areas in the Limpopo, Gauteng, North West, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces. May 1, 2019 · 1. ) is one of the neglected indigenous fruit trees occurring in tropical and subtropical Africa. Unlike the tropical fruit trees of American and Asian origin, indigenous fruit trees (IFT) of Jan 1, 2009 · PDF | On Jan 1, 2009, F. Ripening to translucent pale-green skin, these firm grapes are loaded with sweet juice. The hazards of monoculture farming systems of staple food crops, such as pest and disease Jan 19, 2024 · Marula is another fruit on this list with historical and symbolic importance – it is a legally protected tree in South Africa. No two trees will grow exactly the same; some are tall with a straight trunk and others branch low down, often with crooked trunks The spikes of small greenish flowers are followed by small purple berries. Anderson, P. SAJB. Used all over South Africa as a street tree. Jun 9, 2020 · A source of human nutrition in Africa for over 12,000 years, marula fruit is now famous as the source of one of South Africa’s most successful exports, a liqueur known as “Amarula Cream”. In the Global South, IFs native to a country have remained on the societal and economic fringes and are still relatively unknown in the commercial market (Mabhaudhi et al. This is one of South Africa’s tallest trees. But deforestation is threatening Africa’s indigenous fruit trees. All the trees are propagated and grown on the farm by ourselves allowing us to keep the cost of the tree to a minimum to enable us to plant more trees. Indigenous trees well suited to bushveld / savanna areas e. When the fruit is green (unripe), it falls to the ground and in time turns yellow (ripe) while on the ground. Feb 7, 2024 · Indigenous fruit trees remain underutilized and harvested in the wild, with few cultivated sustainably. Owner-managed by Nick Vamvakos with a bachelor's degree in horticulture, we provide expert advice across the many climatic regions of South Africa. Oct 31, 2020 · In South Africa, Sclerocarya birrea are gathered by rural communities for nourishment and making marula, a customary matured drink . Oct 1, 2021 · Ethnopharmacological relevance Spiny monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam. In most cases, trees planted in the recommended WHAT ARE INDIGENOUS TREES? A tree, or plant, is indigenous to a region or an area if it grew and evolved there through natural processes. However indigenous forest is the smallest biome found in South Africa and this biome has become severely fragmented due to anthropogenic activities (Chapman et al. DOI: 10. In addition, theses/dissertation and books were sourced from the library of the North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa. zeyheri . Special plants available at the nursery include: mountain hard pear, Diascia, stonecrop, Thorncroftia, Portulacaria, Oct 1, 2015 · Contribution of indigenous fruit bearing trees to local commerce. Aug 1, 2006 · Published data on comparative partitioning of organellar variation in African trees is very limited, with only one other study known to the authors, on the fruit tree Vitellaria paradoxa in the northern sub-Sahara (Fontaine et al. Doing it this way will require less effort to keep them alive. Indigenous to Southern Africa, it has been shown to have sustained ancient civilizations across the region. . zeyheri. Marula trees also play a vital role in local folklore and traditional ceremonies, symbolizing fertility, abundance, and healing. Cape ash | essenhout | umnyamathi Ekbergia capensis. 3 2 7. Jan 1, 2006 · ABSTRACT Many rural households rely on indigenous fruit trees as sources of cash and subsistence in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), but until recently there has been little effort to cultivate, improve or add value to these fruits. , 1999, Geldenhuys, 1989, Lawes et al. ) is a member of the Loganiaceae family, indigenous to tropical and subtropical Africa. Benefits of planting indigenous varieties include the fact that it is often much hardier and more attractive to the local wildlife. Despite the growing numbers of studies on IFTs in Africa, little research has focused on the rainforest zone outside Cameroun and Nigeria. 2011; Leakey and Akinnifesi 2008, 2017). Erythrina caffra – Coastal coral tree Asimina triloba, the American papaw, pawpaw, paw paw, or paw-paw, among many regional names, is a small deciduous tree native to the eastern United States and southern Ontario, Canada, producing a large, yellowish-green to brown fruit. ) is an African endemic fruit tree which is widely consumed by humans and animals for its nutritional value. za Indigenous fruit trees remain underutilized and harvested in the wild, with few cultivated sustainably. The genus Tamarindus is monotypic, meaning that it contains only this species. Methodology. Since 1989 the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF: now the World Agroforestry Centre) initiated research-and-development Feb 7, 2024 · In developing countries, the livelihoods of millions of households heavily rely on wild fruit products to meet their basic needs. Jan 1, 2000 · The improvement and domestication of indigenous fruit tree germplasm constitute a component of agroforestry in southern Africa. Although these species contain nutrient-rich edible fruits that are also locally processed to food products such as jams and jellies, they are still underutilized and also harvested from the wild. Apr 26, 2023 · Many populations around the world rely on indigenous plant materials as their primary source of nutrition. The economic potential of this fruit tree was determined through a Apr 30, 2020 · In African countries including South Africa, indigenous fruits contribute about 5. It has significant health benefits and is used for medicinal purposes. South Africa has a plethora of iconic, indigenous trees that add to the beauty of South African biodiversity. In the current study, we obtained a value of 70% of variation among subsp. 5% of the total annual income of the local population . Kalaba and others published The contribution of indigenous fruit trees in sustaining rural livelihoods and conservation of natural resources | Find, read and cite all Indigenous fruit tree species (IFTs) can play a crucial role in poverty alleviation and as a source of food in South Africa. Farmers selected in rank order the three most important indigenous fruit trees based on edible qualities of fruits in fresh and/or beverage forms. It’s succulent and has a strong, sweet-sour flavor. Indigenous fruit tree species (IFTs) can play a crucial role in poverty alleviation and as a source of food in South Africa. But the range of Marula products is increasing and during the last four years, the development of a range of skincare products based on marula pip oil Oct 2, 2021 · spinosa, as an important indigenous fruit tree. The Indigenous Nursery at the KwaZulu-Natal NBG sells a very wide range of summer rainfall indigenous plants; from large trees and shrubs to groundcovers and pot plants; from coastal to high altitude frost hardy species. Indigenous fruit trees remain underutilized and harvested in the wild, with few cultivated sustainably. coriacea), African Fan Palm (Borassus aethiopum), Kosi Palm (Raphia australis), and Pondo Palm (Jubaeopsis caffra). In most African communities there are different perceptions and beliefs about indigenous fruits, which has affected the consumption and utilization of these plant species (van der Hoeven et al. Feb 6, 2024 · Yellowwood trees are South Africa’s national tree and a protected species because habitat destruction and logging have decimated their numbers. It occurs seasonally in West Africa between the months of December to April. As well as bearing fruit. Jan 1, 2012 · 1. It can reach 100 feet tall! One species in the Tsitsikamma Forest is over 118 feet in height and over 600 years old. The study aimed to explore and document the various uses of M. Dec 1, 2020 · In sub-Saharan Africa, indigenous fruits (IFs) play a pivotal role in society (Stadlmayr et al. The tree produced fruits that are rich in essential minerals and has a Willow Feather Farm is one of the largest growers of frost hardy indigenous trees in South Africa with the majority of our trees grown specifically for our Greening Program. South African indigenous fruits – Underutilized resource for boosting daily antioxidant intake among local indigent populations? Daniela Amalia Kucich a* and Merrill Margaret Wicht aDepartment of Chemistry, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, South Africa *Corresponding author, email: kucichd@cput. Fruit and nut productionis largely concerned with management of the practicesand processes that manipulate the tree to produce high yields of marketable fruit and nuts. Jan 1, 2006 · In Sub-Saharan Africa indigenous fruit trees play vital roles in food and nutritional . We describe the threat to African trees by providing an overview of highly relevant insect pests and diseases of indigenous and exotic trees in Africa, and discuss implications for management and future research. It is commonly known as milkwood or Bushveld Indigenous Trees Read about South Africa's unique Bushveld indigenous trees the leaves and fruit are staple diets for a variety of Southern African fauna Jun 23, 2020 · The diverse range of indigenous fruit trees in Africa is a source of untapped potential for food and nutrition security. Oct 29, 2020 · South Africa is home to an incredible variety of indigenous trees and shrubs, we’ve created a list of the top 5 indigenous trees for gardens in South Africa. This study investigated if the important IFTs of Sierra Leone are among those previously identified as of effectiveproduction practices, trees will not produce fruit suitable for the market. (n = 750). Priding ourselves in growing top quality containerised trees in 20l, 40l, 100l, 250l and 400l bag sizes – we choose not to get involved in harvesting trees from nature. g. Abstract: Uapaca kirkiana is an indigenous fruit tree that grows in hot and dry areas in sub-Saharan Africa. Using face-to-face, semi-structured questionnaires, an ethnobotanical survey was collected among 53 participants using purposive sampling in the City of Tshwane Jan 1, 2013 · The potential of indigenous fruit trees (IFTs), however, can only be fully exploited after domestication of these species, which includes identification and selection of superior mother trees Feb 23, 2022 · Marula is a historical stone fruit native to North, West, East, and Southern Africa. , commonly known as green monkey orange, is a highly valued indigenous fruit tree in South Africa with potential for domestication and commercialization. Category: Biodiversity listsAuthors: SANBIPublished 2011 by SANBI© SANBI Apr 20, 2016 · There is an increasing interest in indigenous fruit trees (IFTs) and their potential role for agroforestry, food security and poverty alleviation. Sclerocarya birrea (Ancient Greek: σκληρός sklērós , meaning "hard", and κάρυον káryon , "nut", in reference to the stone inside the fleshy fruit), commonly known as the marula, is a medium-sized deciduous fruit-bearing tree, indigenous to the miombo woodlands of Southern Africa, the Sudano-Sahelian range of West Africa, the Mar 1, 2011 · Within all sites, in both South Africa and Namibia, there was highly significant and continuous variation between individual trees in nut mass (South Africa 5 2. Underutilized African indigenous fruit trees and food–nutrition security: Opportunities, challenges, and prospects Mar 14, 2016 · There are a few towns in South Africa with streets lined with the lucky bean tree, but it naturally occurs in northern South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and all the way up to Angola. A Preliminary List of Trees, Shrubs and Lianes of Transvaal and Swaziland - J. Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) is a leguminous tree bearing edible fruit that is indigenous to tropical Africa and naturalized in Asia. M. Jan 1, 2009 · Studies have emphasized the integration of indigenous fruit trees (IFTs) with crops in southern Africa 16. The rather large fruit is eaten by baboons, monkeys, bushpigs, various antelope species and fruit-eating birds. Venter (1977) Trees of Southern Africa - Keith Coates Palgrave (1977) Field Guide to Trees of Southern Africa - van Wyk & van Wyk (1997) Trees of Natal, Zululand and Transkei - Elsa Pooley (1993) Trees and Shrubs of the Witwatersrand - Tree Society Spiny monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam. The spreading mushroom-shape crown of the mobola plum is recognisable where it grows in the wild - in Swaziland, Zimbabwe and the Mpumalanga and Limpopo provinces of South Africa. K. Indigenous fruit trees remain underutilized and harvested in the wild, with Feb 21, 2021 · Africa’s key to future food-nutrition security may depend on the untapped potential of indigenous fruit trees. The criteria used to compile the list is as follows; the tree is indigenous to South Africa, it is relatively fast growing, moderately frost tolerant and has a non-aggressive root system. Indigenous trees well suited to the Cape Flats, west coast and coastal sites in the Western Cape. They differ from the tropical fruit trees of American and Asian source, indigenous fruit tree (IFT) of tropical Africa has barely accomplished the status of the Dec 1, 2015 · Fruits native to the African continent offer nutrients that often come up short in local diets, and they grow on trees that provide a range of ecosystem services. They grow somewhere between 30 and 80 feet tall and have extremely hardwood. Apr 20, 2023 · Indigenous fruit and medicinal trees play a significant role in the food, nutrition, health and incomes of millions of people in Sub-Saharan Africa (Akinnifesi et al. Mountain Cabbage Tree (Cussonia paniculata) This small indigenous tree has large, indented grey-green leaflets, and the mature bark is rough, fissured and corky. Tree up to 25 m. Wholesalers and suppliers of indigenous and exotic trees, shrubs, groundcovers, bedding plants, colour pots, roses, fruit trees and herbs to retailers, landscapers, property developers, municipalities, farmers, architects and contractors. , 2013, Bvenura and Sivakumar, 2017). ) or amatungulu (Zulu) while its smaller relative Carissa bispinosa is also known as the East African num num. With its many nutritious assets, Mimusops zeyheri could, therefore, be valued as a natural resource for fighting hunger, poverty, malnutrition and food insecurity in developing countries. South Africa Online ® delivers factual and educational information on indigenous South African trees, such as the grand Baobab and Marula trees, the sausage tree and the quiver tree. com 4 days ago · Africa - Fruits, Vegetables, Crops: Among the important fruits are bananas, pineapples, dates, figs, olives, and citrus; the principal vegetables include tomatoes and onions. Some of the best specimens of the lucky bean tree are found in Kirstenbosch Botanical Garden in Cape Town. It belongs to the family Fabaceae. The Carissa macrocarpa, is also called the Natal plum, big num-num, grootnoemnoem (Afr. Some prefer full sun, where others prefer semi shade. However, no study Oct 25, 2023 · When it comes to creating a harmonious garden that is both a sanctuary for you and a haven for local wildlife, indigenous trees from South Africa can play a pivotal role. bispinosa is a smaller, lower growing plant but with equally tasty, smaller fruit. We also provide a range of specially cultivated container trees, ideally suited for small gardens. The warm temperate climate of this region allows us to grow a wide range of plant and tree species suitable for both the lowveld as well as colder Highveld conditions. 1g; Namibia 5 2. 2. Water-wise: By planting trees that come from or are well suited to your region, the trees perform better with less water and TLC. Apr 6, 2020 · The 1 000-year-old Wonderboom Wild Fig tree (Ficus salicifolia), located in Pretoria, has the largest crown of all the champion trees with a diameter of 61 metres, while in Limpopo stands the largest indigenous tree in South Africa – the Sagole baobab tree (Adansonia digitata) – with a trunk circumference of more than 33 metres. This review discusses the advantages of particular Sep 2, 2014 · Indigenous to southern Africa (and parts of West Africa and Madagascar), the marula tree is known for its sweet, yellow fruit – and local lore says that same fruit becomes 'elephant alcohol Today’s Hero is the Red Milkwood Fruit. Fruitasia is the largest retail fruit tree nursery in South Africa, stocking the widest range of fruiting plants, we are also well known for our collection of rare exotics. The Drakensberg Mountains form the boundary in the south and east, while the western and northern boundaries are formed by lower rainfall areas, rather than a physical boundary. in South Africa, fruit juices, jam, kernel oil for cosmetics and flav ourings for . Now researchers and local farmers are partnering to ensure the trees have a future. , 2019). Using face-to-face, semi-structured questionnaires, an ethnobotanical survey was collected among 53 participants using purposive sampling in the City of Tshwane Dec 16, 2021 · Strychnos spinosa Lam. rz xb qx dh sm hb el qi jx pv